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Appl Environ Microbiol, January 1998, p. 273-278, Vol. 64, No. 1
0099-2240/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Choline Derivatives Involved in Osmotolerance of Penicillium fellutanum

Yong-Il Park and John E. Gander^*

Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0700

Received 11 August 1997/Accepted 23 October 1997

Penicillium fellutanum is osmotolerant and xerotolerant when cultured in a low-phosphate medium containing 3 M NaCl. Glycerol and erythritol accumulated in cultures with NaCl concentrations up to 2 M; glycerol was the only detectable polyol in cultures containing 3 M NaCl. In cultures with 3 M NaCl, the intracellular levels of glycine betaine and choline-O-sulfate were 22- and 2.6-fold greater (70 and 46 mM), respectively, than those of cultures without added NaCl. The levels of glycine betaine and glycerol decreased in mycelia transferred from a medium containing 3 M NaCl into a fresh medium without added NaCl. NaCl at 3 M inhibited mycelial mass accumulation; this inhibition was partially corrected by supplementation of cultures with glycine betaine (2 mM) or choline-O-sulfate (10 mM). The presence of exogenous choline chloride (2 mM) in plate cultures protected the cells from stress from 3 M NaCl. The data suggest that glycine betaine and choline-O-sulfate are secondary osmoprotectants which are effective at the point that the cell is incapable of synthesizing more glycerol.

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^* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Bldg. 981, Gainesville, FL 32611-0700. Phone: (352) 392-0384. Fax: (352) 392-5922. E-mail: john{at}micro.ifas.ufl.edu.

Journal Series No. RO5664 of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.

Present address: Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218-2699.

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