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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 1998, p. 5027-5029, Vol. 64, No. 12
0099-2240/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Occurrence of Male-Specific Bacteriophage in Feral and Domestic Animal Wastes, Human Feces, and Human-Associated Wastewaters

Kevin R. Calci,1,2,* William Burkhardt III,1 William D. Watkins,2 and Scott R. Rippey3

U.S. Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528,1 U.S. Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204,3 and Department of Microbiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 028812

Received 8 June 1998/Accepted 17 September 1998

Male-specific bacteriophage (MSB) densities were determined in animal and human fecal wastes to assess their potential impact on aquatic environments. Fecal samples (1,031) from cattle, chickens, dairy cows, dogs, ducks, geese, goats, hogs, horses, seagulls, sheep, and humans as well as 64 sewerage samples were examined for MSB. All animal species were found to harbor MSB, although the great majority excreted these viruses at very low levels. The results from this study demonstrate that in areas affected by both human and animal wastes, wastewater treatment plants are the principal contributors of MSB to fresh, estuarine, and marine waters.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, P.O. Box 158, Dauphin Island, AL 36528. Phone: (334) 694-4480. Fax: (334) 694-4477. E-mail: KRC{at}VM.CFSAN.FDA.Gov.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 1998, p. 5027-5029, Vol. 64, No. 12
0099-2240/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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Copyright © 1998 by the American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.