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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 1999, p. 25-35, Vol. 65, No. 1
0099-2240/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Bacterial Filament Formation, a Defense Mechanism against Flagellate Grazing, Is Growth Rate Controlled in Bacteria of Different Phyla

Martin W. Hahn,1,2,* Edward R. B. Moore,1 and Manfred G. Höfle1

GBF---National Research Center of Biotechnology, AG Microbial Ecology, D-38124 Braunschweig,1 and Department of Physiological Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Limnology, D-24302 Plön,2 Germany

Received 27 August 1998/Accepted 20 October 1998

A facultatively filamentous bacterium was isolated from eutrophic lake water and was identified as Flectobacillus sp. strain MWH38 (a member of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides phylum) by comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Filament formation by Flectobacillus sp. strain MWH38 and filament formation by Flectobacillus major, the closest known relative of strain MWH38, were studied in chemostat cultures under grazing pressure by the bacterivorous flagellate Ochromonas sp. strain DS and without predation at several growth rates. The results clearly demonstrated that filament formation by the two flectobacilli is growth rate controlled and thus independent of the presence of a predator. However, flagellate grazing positively influenced bacterial growth rates by decreasing bacterial biomass and thus indirectly stimulated filament formation. The results of investigations of cell elongation and filament formation by Comamonas acidovorans PX54 (a member of the beta  subclass of the class Proteobacteria) supported the recent proposal that in this species the mechanism of filament formation is growth rate controlled. The finding that the grazing defense mechanism consisting of filament formation is growth rate controlled in the flectobacilli investigated and C. acidovorans PX54 (i.e., in bacteria belonging to divergent evolutionary phyla) may indicate that this mechanism is a phylogenetically widely distributed defense strategy against grazing.

* Corresponding author. Present address: Institute of Limnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Gaisberg 116, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria. Phone: 43 6232 3125-29. Fax: 43 6232 3578. E-mail: martin.hahn{at}oeaw.ac.at.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 1999, p. 25-35, Vol. 65, No. 1
0099-2240/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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