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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 1999, p. 5624-5627, Vol. 65, No. 12
0099-2240/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Molecular Detection of Norwalk-Like Caliciviruses in Sewage

W. J. Lodder,1 J. Vinjé,2 R. van de Heide,1 A. M. de Roda Husman,1 E. J. T. M. Leenen,1 and M. P. G. Koopmans2,*

Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection1 and Research Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology,2 National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands

Received 3 March 1999/Accepted 8 September 1999

In this study, Norwalk-like virus (NLV) RNA was detected by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) in sewage water concentrates. Sequence analysis of the RT-PCR products revealed identical sequences in stools of patients and related sewage samples. In 6 of 11 outbreak-unrelated follow-up samples, multiple NLV genotypes were present. Levels as high as 107 RNA-containing particles per liter were found. These data show that high loads of NLVs may be present in sewage and warrant further studies addressing the efficacy of NLV removal by sewage water treatment processes.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Research Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Phone: 31-30-2743945. Fax: 31-30-2744449. E-mail: Marion.Koopmans{at}rivm.nl.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 1999, p. 5624-5627, Vol. 65, No. 12
0099-2240/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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Copyright © 1999 by the American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.