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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, March 1999, p. 1186-1190, Vol. 65, No. 3
0099-2240/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Bacteriophage Inactivation at the Air-Water-Solid Interface in Dynamic Batch Systems

Shawn S. Thompson and Marylynn V. Yates*

Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521

Received 13 November 1998/Accepted 22 December 1998

Bacteriophages have been widely used as surrogates for human enteric viruses in many studies on virus transport and fate. In this investigation, the fates of three bacteriophages, MS2, R17, and phi X174, were studied in a series of dynamic batch experiments. Both MS2 and R17 readily underwent inactivation in batch experiments where solutions of each phage were percolated through tubes packed with varying ratios of glass and Teflon beads. MS2 and R17 inactivation was the result of exposure to destructive forces at the dynamic air-water-solid interface. phi X174, however, did not undergo inactivation in similar studies, suggesting that this phage does not accumulate at air-water interfaces or is not affected by interfacial forces in the same manner. Other batch experiments showed that MS2 and R17 were increasingly inactivated during mixing in polypropylene tubes as the ionic strength of the solution was raised (phi X174 was not affected). By the addition of Tween 80 to suspensions of MS2 and R17, phage inactivation was prevented. Our data suggest that viral inactivation in simple dynamic batch experiments is dependent upon (i) the presence of a dynamic air-water-solid interface (where the solid is a hydrophobic surface), (ii) the ionic strength of the solution, (iii) the concentration of surface active compounds in the solution, and (iv) the type of virus used.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521. Phone: (909) 787-5488. Fax: (909) 787-3993. E-mail: marylynn.yates{at}ucr.edu.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, March 1999, p. 1186-1190, Vol. 65, No. 3
0099-2240/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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Copyright © 1999 by the American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.