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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, March 2000, p. 895-903, Vol. 66, No. 3
0099-2240/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Genetic Analysis of Chromosomal Regions of Lactococcus lactis Acquired by Recombinant Lytic Phagesdagger

Evelyn Durmaz1 and Todd R. Klaenhammer1,2,*

Departments of Food Science1 and Microbiology,2 Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695

Received 11 August 1999/Accepted 4 December 1999

Recombinant phages are generated when Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis harboring plasmids encoding the abortive type (Abi) of phage resistance mechanisms is infected with small isometric phages belonging to the P335 species. These phage variants are likely to be an important source of virulent new phages that appear in dairy fermentations. They are distinguished from their progenitors by resistance to Abi defenses and by altered genome organization, including regions of L. lactis chromosomal DNA. The objective of this study was to characterize four recombinant variants that arose from infection of L. lactis NCK203 (Abi+) with phage phi 31. HindIII restriction maps of the variants (phi 31.1, phi 31.2, phi 31.7, and phi 31.8) were generated, and these maps revealed the regions containing recombinant DNA. The recombinant region of phage phi 31.1, the variant that occurred most frequently, was sequenced and revealed 7.8 kb of new DNA compared with the parent phage, phi 31. This region contained numerous instances of homology with various lactococcal temperate phages, as well as homologues of the lambda recombination protein BET and Escherichia coli Holliday junction resolvase Rus, factors which may contribute to efficient recombination processes. A sequence analysis and phenotypic tests revealed a new origin of replication in the phi 31.1 DNA, which replaced the phi 31 origin. Three separate HindIII fragments, accounting for most of the recombinant region of phi 31.1, were separately cloned into gram-positive suicide vector pTRK333 and transformed into NCK203. Chromosomal insertions of each plasmid prevented the appearance of different combinations of recombinant phages. The chromosomal insertions did not affect an inducible prophage present in NCK203. Our results demonstrated that recombinant phages can acquire DNA cassettes from different regions of the chromosome in order to overcome Abi defenses. Disruption of these regions by insertion can alter the types and diversity of new phages that appear during phage-host interactions.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Food Science, Box 7624 Schaub Hall, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695. Phone: (919) 515-2971. Fax: (919) 515-7124. E-mail: Klaenhammer{at}ncsu.edu.

dagger Paper FSR98-2 of the Journal Series of the Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, March 2000, p. 895-903, Vol. 66, No. 3
0099-2240/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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