This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Bidawid, S.
Right arrow Articles by Sattar, S. A.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Bidawid, S.
Right arrow Articles by Sattar, S. A.
Agricola
Right arrow Articles by Bidawid, S.
Right arrow Articles by Sattar, S. A.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2000, p. 2759-2763, Vol. 66, No. 7
0099-2240/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Contamination of Foods by Food Handlers: Experiments on Hepatitis A Virus Transfer to Food and Its Interruption

S. Bidawid,1,* J. M. Farber,1 and S. A. Sattar2

Health Canada, Food Directorate, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0L2,1 and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada2

Received 16 November 1999/Accepted 10 April 2000

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an important pathogen which has been responsible for many food-borne outbreaks. HAV-excreting food handlers, especially those with poor hygienic practices, can contaminate the foods which they handle. Consumption of such foods without further processing has been known to result in cases of infectious hepatitis. Since quantitative data on virus transfer during contact of hands with foods is not available, we investigated the transfer of HAV from artificially contaminated fingerpads of adult volunteers to pieces of fresh lettuce. Touching the lettuce with artificially contaminated fingerpads for 10 s at a pressure of 0.2 to 0.4 kg/cm2 resulted in transfer of 9.2% ± 0.9% of the infectious virus. The pretreatments tested to interrupt virus transfer from contaminated fingerpads included (i) hard-water rinsing and towel drying, (ii) application of a domestic or commercial topical agent followed by water rinsing and towel drying, and (iii) exposure to a hand gel containing 62% ethanol or 75% liquid ethanol without water rinsing or towel drying. When the fingerpads were treated with the topical agents or alcohol before the lettuce was touched, the amount of infectious virus transferred to lettuce was reduced from 9.2% to between 0.3 and 0.6% (depending on the topical agent used), which was a reduction in virus transfer of up to 30-fold. Surprisingly, no virus transfer to lettuce was detected when the fingerpads were rinsed with water alone before the lettuce was touched. However, additional experiments with water rinsing in which smaller volumes of water were used (1 ml instead of 15 ml) showed that the rate of virus transfer to lettuce was 0.3% ± 0.1%. The variability in virus transfer rates following water rinsing may indicate that the volume of water at least in part influences virus removal from the fingerpads differently, a possibility which should be investigated further. This study provided novel information concerning the rate of virus transfer to foods and a model for investigating the transfer of viral and other food-borne pathogens from contaminated hands to foods, as well as techniques for interrupting such transfer to improve food safety.


* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Health Canada, Food Directorate, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Sir F.G. Banting Research Centre, Ross Ave., Tunney's Pasture, Postal locator no. 2204A2, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0L2. Phone: (613) 957-0908. Fax: (613) 941-0280. E-mail: Sabah_Bidawid{at}hc-sc.gc.ca.


Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2000, p. 2759-2763, Vol. 66, No. 7
0099-2240/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Fuls, J. L., Rodgers, N. D., Fischler, G. E., Howard, J. M., Patel, M., Weidner, P. L., Duran, M. H. (2008). Alternative Hand Contamination Technique To Compare the Activities of Antimicrobial and Nonantimicrobial Soaps under Different Test Conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 3739-3744 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Boone, S. A., Gerba, C. P. (2007). Significance of Fomites in the Spread of Respiratory and Enteric Viral Disease. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 1687-1696 [Full Text]  
  • Kampf, G., Kramer, A. (2004). Epidemiologic Background of Hand Hygiene and Evaluation of the Most Important Agents for Scrubs and Rubs. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17: 863-893 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Abd El Galil, K. H., El Sokkary, M. A., Kheira, S. M., Salazar, A. M., Yates, M. V., Chen, W., Mulchandani, A. (2004). Combined Immunomagnetic Separation-Molecular Beacon-Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Detection of Hepatitis A Virus from Environmental Samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 4371-4374 [Abstract] [Full Text]