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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 2001, p. 5608-5613, Vol. 67, No. 12
0099-2240/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.12.5608-5613.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Growth and Detachment of Cell Clusters from Mature Mixed-Species Biofilms

Paul Stoodley,1,2,3,* Suzanne Wilson,2 Luanne Hall-Stoodley,2 John D. Boyle,3 Hilary M. Lappin-Scott,4 and J. W. Costerton2

Civil Engineering1 and Center for Biofilm Engineering,2 Montana State University---Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana 59717-3980, and School of Engineering and Computer Science, Exeter University, Exeter EX4 4QF,3 and Hatherly Laboratories, School of Biology, Exeter University, Exeter EX4 4PS,4 United Kingdom

Received 24 May 2001/Accepted 20 September 2001

Detachment from biofilms is an important consideration in the dissemination of infection and the contamination of industrial systems but is the least-studied biofilm process. By using digital time-lapse microscopy and biofilm flow cells, we visualized localized growth and detachment of discrete cell clusters in mature mixed-species biofilms growing under steady conditions in turbulent flow in situ. The detaching biomass ranged from single cells to an aggregate with a diameter of approximately 500 µm. Direct evidence of local cell cluster detachment from the biofilms was supported by microscopic examination of filtered effluent. Single cells and small clusters detached more frequently, but larger aggregates contained a disproportionately high fraction of total detached biomass. These results have significance in the establishment of an infectious dose and public health risk assessment.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Center for Biofilm Engineering, 366 EPS Building, P. O. Box 173980, Montana State University---Bozeman, Bozeman, MT 59717-3980. Phone: (406) 994 7361. Fax: (406) 994 6098. E-mail: paul_s{at}erc.montana.edu.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 2001, p. 5608-5613, Vol. 67, No. 12
0099-2240/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.12.5608-5613.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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