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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2001, p. 2421-2429, Vol. 67, No. 6
0099-2240/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.6.2421-2429.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Genotypes Associated with Virulence in Environmental Isolates of Vibrio cholerae

Irma N. G. Rivera,1,2,3,* Jongsik Chun,4 Anwar Huq,1,5 R. Brad Sack,6 and Rita R. Colwell1,5

Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 212021; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 207425; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina,2 and Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-900,3 São Paulo, Brazil; Microbiology Department, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 151-7424; and School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 212056

Received 30 October 2000/Accepted 5 March 2001

Vibrio cholerae is an autochthonous inhabitant of riverine and estuarine environments and also is a facultative pathogen for humans. Genotyping can be useful in assessing the risk of contracting cholera, intestinal, or extraintestinal infections via drinking water and/or seafood. In this study, environmental isolates of V. cholerae were examined for the presence of ctxA, hlyA, ompU, stn/sto, tcpA, tcpI, toxR, and zot genes, using multiplex PCR. Based on tcpA and hlyA gene comparisons, the strains could be grouped into Classical and El Tor biotypes. The toxR, hlyA, and ompU genes were present in 100, 98.6, and 87.0% of the V. cholerae isolates, respectively. The CTX genetic element and toxin-coregulated pilus El Tor (tcpA ET) gene were present in all toxigenic V. cholerae O1 and V. cholerae O139 strains examined in this study. Three of four nontoxigenic V. cholerae O1 strains contained tcpA ET. Interestingly, among the isolates of V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139, two had tcpA Classical, nine contained tcpA El Tor, three showed homology with both biotype genes, and four carried the ctxA gene. The stn/sto genes were present in 28.2% of the non-O1/non-O139 strains, in 10.5% of the toxigenic V. cholerae O1, and in 14.3% of the O139 serogroups. Except for stn/sto genes, all of the other genes studied occurred with high frequency in toxigenic V. cholerae O1 and O139 strains. Based on results of this study, surveillance of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae in the aquatic environment, combined with genotype monitoring using ctxA, stn/sto, and tcpA ET genes, could be valuable in human health risk assessment.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Departamento de Microbiologia, ICB-USP, 1374, Lineu Prestes Av.---Edif. ICB II, USP-S.P., São Paulo, Brazil CEP 05508-900. Phone: 55-11-38187205. Fax: 55-11-38187354. E-mail: igrivera{at}usp.br.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2001, p. 2421-2429, Vol. 67, No. 6
0099-2240/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.6.2421-2429.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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