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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2001, p. 2723-2733, Vol. 67, No. 6
0099-2240/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.6.2723-2733.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Changes in Bacterial Community Composition and Dynamics and Viral Mortality Rates Associated with Enhanced Flagellate Grazing in a Mesoeutrophic Reservoir

Karel Simek,1,2,* Jakob Pernthaler,3 Markus G. Weinbauer,4 Karel Hornák,2 John R. Dolan,5 Jirí Nedoma,1 Michal Masín,2 and Rudolf Amann3

Hydrobiological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic1 and Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia,2 Na sádkách 7, CZ-37005 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic; Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany3; Department of Biological Oceanography, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, The Netherlands4; and CNRS ESA 7076, Marine Microbial Ecology Group, Station Zoologique, F-06230 Villefranche-Sur-Mer, France5

Received 7 November 2000/Accepted 28 March 2001

Bacterioplankton from a meso-eutrophic dam reservoir was size fractionated to reduce (<0.8-µm treatment) or enhance (<5-µm treatment) protistan grazing and then incubated in situ for 96 h in dialysis bags. Time course samples were taken from the bags and the reservoir to estimate bacterial abundance, mean cell volume, production, protistan grazing, viral abundance, and frequency of visibly infected cells. Shifts in bacterial community composition (BCC) were examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning and sequencing of 16S rDNA genes from the different treatments, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with previously employed and newly designed oligonucleotide probes. Changes in bacterioplankton characteristics were clearly linked to changes in mortality rates. In the reservoir, where bacterial production about equaled protist grazing and viral mortality, community characteristics were nearly invariant. In the "grazer-free" (0.8-µm-filtered) treatment, subject only to a relatively low mortality rate (~17% day-1) from viral lysis, bacteria increased markedly in concentration. While the mean bacterial cell volume was invariant, DGGE indicated a shift in BCC and FISH revealed an increase in the proportion of one lineage within the beta proteobacteria. In the grazing-enhanced treatment (5-µm filtrate), grazing mortality was ~200% and viral lysis resulted in mortality of 30% of daily production. Cell concentrations declined, and grazing-resistant flocs and filaments eventually dominated the biomass, together accounting for >80% of the total bacteria by the end of the experiment. Once again, BCC changed strongly and a significant fraction of the large filaments was detected using a FISH probe targeted to members of the Flectobacillus lineage. Shifts of BCC were also reflected in DGGE patterns and in the increases in the relative importance of both beta proteobacteria and members of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster, which consistently formed different parts of the bacterial flocs. Viral concentrations and frequencies of infected cells were highly significantly correlated with grazing rates, suggesting that protistan grazing may stimulate viral activity.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Hydrobiological Institute AS CR, Na sádkách 7, CZ-37005 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic. Phone: 420 38 7775873. Fax: 420 38 5300248. E-mail: ksimek{at}hbu.cas.cz.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2001, p. 2723-2733, Vol. 67, No. 6
0099-2240/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.6.2723-2733.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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