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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2001, p. 3618-3629, Vol. 67, No. 8
0099-2240/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.8.3618-3629.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Distribution of Archaea in a Black Smoker Chimney Structure

Ken Takai,* Tetsushi Komatsu, Fumio Inagaki, and Koki Horikoshi

Subground Animalcule Retrieval (SUGAR) Project, Frontier Research Program for Deep-Sea Extremophiles, Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan

Received 26 February 2001/Accepted 30 May 2001

Archaeal community structures in microhabitats in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney structure were evaluated through the combined use of culture-independent molecular analyses and enrichment culture methods. A black smoker chimney was obtained from the PACMANUS site in the Manus Basin near Papua New Guinea, and subsamples were obtained from vertical and horizontal sections. The elemental composition of the chimney was analyzed in different subsamples by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, indicating that zinc and sulfur were major components while an increased amount of elemental oxygen in exterior materials represented the presence of oxidized materials on the outer surface of the chimney. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed that a shift in archaeal ribotype structure occurred in the chimney structure. Through sequencing of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clones from archaeal rDNA clone libraries, it was demonstrated that the archaeal communities in the chimney structure consisted for the most part of hyperthermophilic members and extreme halophiles and that the distribution of such extremophiles in different microhabitats of the chimney varied. The results of the culture-dependent analysis supported in part the view that changes in archaeal community structures in these microhabitats are associated with the geochemical and physical dynamics in the black smoker chimney.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Deep-Sea Microorganisms Research Group (DEEP-STAR), Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan. Phone: 81-468-67-3894. Fax: 81-468-66-6364. E-mail: kent{at}jamstec.go.jp.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2001, p. 3618-3629, Vol. 67, No. 8
0099-2240/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.8.3618-3629.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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