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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2002, p. 316-325, Vol. 68, No. 1
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.1.316-325.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Characterization of an Autotrophic Sulfide-Oxidizing Marine Arcobacter sp. That Produces Filamentous Sulfur {dagger}

C. O. Wirsen,1 S. M. Sievert,1 C. M. Cavanaugh,2 S. J. Molyneaux,1 A. Ahmad,2 L. T. Taylor,3 E. F. DeLong,3 and C. D. Taylor1*

Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543,1 Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138,2 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research and Development, Moss Landing, California 950393

Received 31 May 2001/ Accepted 1 October 2001

A coastal marine sulfide-oxidizing autotrophic bacterium produces hydrophilic filamentous sulfur as a novel metabolic end product. Phylogenetic analysis placed the organism in the genus Arcobacter in the epsilon subdivision of the Proteobacteria. This motile vibrioid organism can be considered difficult to grow, preferring to grow under microaerophilic conditions in flowing systems in which a sulfide-oxygen gradient has been established. Purified cell cultures were maintained by using this approach. Essentially all 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride-stained cells in a flowing reactor system hybridized with Arcobacter-specific probes as well as with a probe specific for the sequence obtained from reactor-grown cells. The proposed provisional name for the coastal isolate is "Candidatus Arcobacter sulfidicus." For cells cultured in a flowing reactor system, the sulfide optimum was higher than and the CO2 fixation activity was as high as or higher than those reported for other sulfur oxidizers, such as Thiomicrospira spp. Cells associated with filamentous sulfur material demonstrated nitrogen fixation capability. No ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase could be detected on the basis of radioisotopic activity or by Western blotting techniques, suggesting an alternative pathway of CO2 fixation. The process of microbial filamentous sulfur formation has been documented in a number of marine environments where both sulfide and oxygen are available. Filamentous sulfur formation by "Candidatus Arcobacter sulfidicus" or similar strains may be an ecologically important process, contributing significantly to primary production in such environments.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS #33, Woods Hole, MA 02543. Phone: (508) 289-2354. Fax: (508) 457-2134. E-mail: ctaylor{at}whoi.edu.

{dagger} Contribution 10519 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2002, p. 316-325, Vol. 68, No. 1
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.1.316-325.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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