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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 2002, p. 6036-6042, Vol. 68, No. 12
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.12.6036-6042.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Impact of Integrated Fish Farming on Antimicrobial Resistance in a Pond Environment

Andreas Petersen,1* Jens Strodl Andersen,2 Tawatchai Kaewmak,3 Temdoung Somsiri,3 and Anders Dalsgaard1

Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C,1 Danish Veterinary Institute, DK-1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark,2 Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute, Kasetsart University Campus, Bangkok 10900, Thailand3

Received 22 March 2002/ Accepted 20 September 2002

Integrated fish farming combines livestock production with fish farming. Animal manure is shed directly into a fish pond as fertilizer and supports the growth of photosynthetic organisms. The livestock, mainly chickens and pigs, is often fed feed containing growth promoters. In this study we investigated the impact of integrated fish farming on the levels of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in a pond environment. One integrated broiler chicken-fish farm was studied for 2 months immediately after the start of a new fish production cycle. A significant increase over time in the resistance to six different antimicrobials was found for the indicator organism Acinetobacter spp. isolated from composite water-sediment samples. The initial resistance levels prior to the new production cycle were 1 to 5%. After 2 months the levels of resistance to oxytetracycline and sulfamethoxazole reached 100%, and the levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin were more than 80%. The long-term effects of resistance on integrated farming were studied on seven additional farms. The resistance levels were particularly high among Enterococcus spp. and were also high among Acinetobacter spp. isolated from water-sediment samples compared to the resistance levels at four control farms. In conclusion, integrated fish farming seems to favor antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the pond environment. This could be attributed to the selective pressure of antimicrobials in the pond environment and/or to the introduction of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from animal manure. Potential risks to human health were not addressed in this study and remain to be elucidated.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Phone: 45 35 28 27 22. Fax: 45 35 28 27 57. E-mail: andp{at}kvl.dk.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 2002, p. 6036-6042, Vol. 68, No. 12
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.12.6036-6042.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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