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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 2002, p. 6256-6262, Vol. 68, No. 12
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.12.6256-6262.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Growth of Iron(III)-Reducing Bacteria on Clay Minerals as the Sole Electron Acceptor and Comparison of Growth Yields on a Variety of Oxidized Iron Forms{dagger}

Joel E. Kostka,1* Dava D. Dalton,1 Hayley Skelton,1 Sherry Dollhopf,1 and Joseph W. Stucki2

Department of Oceanography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306,1 Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 618012

Received 21 May 2002/ Accepted 11 September 2002

Smectite clay minerals are abundant in soils and sediments worldwide and are typically rich in Fe. While recent investigations have shown that the structural Fe(III) bound in clay minerals is reduced by microorganisms, previous studies have not tested growth with clay minerals as the sole electron acceptor. Here we have demonstrated that a pure culture of Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 as well as enrichment cultures of Fe(III)-reducing bacteria from rice paddy soil and subsurface sediments are capable of conserving energy for growth with the structural Fe(III) bound in smectite clay as the sole electron acceptor. Pure cultures of S. oneidensis were used for more detailed growth rate and yield experiments on various solid- and soluble-phase electron acceptors [smectite, Fe(III) oxyhydroxide FeOOH, Fe(III) citrate, and oxygen] in the same minimal medium. Growth was assessed as direct cell counts or as an increase in cell carbon (measured as particulate organic carbon). Cell counts showed that similar growth of S. oneidensis (108 cells ml-1) occurred with smectitic Fe(III) and on other Fe forms [amorphous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide, and Fe citrate] or oxygen as the electron acceptor. In contrast, cell yields of S. oneidensis measured as the increase in cell carbon were similar on all Fe forms tested while yields on oxygen were five times higher, in agreement with thermodynamic predictions. Over a range of particle loadings (0.5 to 4 g liter-1), the increase in cell number was highly correlated to the amount of structural Fe in smectite reduced. From phylogenetic analysis of the complete 16S rRNA gene sequences, a predominance of clones retrieved from the clay mineral-reducing enrichment cultures were most closely related to the low-G+C gram-positive members of the Bacteria (Clostridium and Desulfitobacterium) and the {delta}-Proteobacteria (members of the Geobacteraceae). Results indicate that growth with smectitic Fe(III) is similar in magnitude to that with Fe(III) oxide minerals and is dependent upon the mineral surface area available. Iron(III) bound in clay minerals should be considered an important electron acceptor supporting the growth of bacteria in soils or sedimentary environments.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Oceanography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4320. Phone: (850) 645-3334. Fax: (850) 644-2581. E-mail: jkostka{at}ocean.fsu.edu.

{dagger} This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dava Dalton, friend and colleague, who passed away during review of the manuscript.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 2002, p. 6256-6262, Vol. 68, No. 12
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.12.6256-6262.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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