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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2002, p. 3401-3407, Vol. 68, No. 7
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.7.3401-3407.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Mucosa-Associated Bacteria in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract Are Uniformly Distributed along the Colon and Differ from the Community Recovered from Feces

Erwin G. Zoetendal,1,2* Atte von Wright,3 Terttu Vilpponen-Salmela,4 Kaouther Ben-Amor,2,5 Antoon D. L. Akkermans,2 and Willem M. de Vos1,2

Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, 6700 AN Wageningen,1 Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6703 CT Wageningen,2 Laboratory of Food Microbiology, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands,5 University of Kuopio, Institute of Applied Biotechnology, FIN-70211,3 Harjula Hospital, FIN-70100, Kuopio, Finland4

Received 30 November 2001/ Accepted 10 April 2002

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors a complex community of bacterial cells in the mucosa, lumen, and feces. Since most attention has been focused on bacteria present in feces, knowledge about the mucosa-associated bacterial communities in different parts of the colon is limited. In this study, the bacterial communities in feces and biopsy samples from the ascending, transverse, and descending colons of 10 individuals were analyzed by using a 16S rRNA approach. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that 105 to 106 bacteria were present in the biopsy samples. To visualize the diversity of the predominant and the Lactobacillus group community, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicons was performed. DGGE analysis and similarity index comparisons demonstrated that the predominant mucosa-associated bacterial community was host specific and uniformly distributed along the colon but significantly different from the fecal community (P < 0.01). The Lactobacillus group-specific profiles were less complex than the profiles reflecting the predominant community. For 6 of the 10 individuals the community of Lactobacillus-like bacteria in the biopsy samples was similar to that in the feces. Amplicons having 99% sequence similarity to the 16S ribosomal DNA of Lactobacillus gasseri were detected in the biopsy samples of nine individuals. No significant differences were observed between healthy and diseased individuals. The observed host-specific DGGE profiles of the mucosa-associated bacterial community in the colon support the hypothesis that host-related factors are involved in the determination of the GI tract microbial community.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Hesselink van Suchtelenweg 4, 6703 CT Wageningen, The Netherlands. Phone: 31 317 484250. Fax: 31 317 483829. E-mail: erwin.zoetendal@algemeen.micr.wau.nl.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2002, p. 3401-3407, Vol. 68, No. 7
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.7.3401-3407.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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