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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2002, p. 4145-4147, Vol. 68, No. 8
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.8.4145-4147.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Noninvasive Measurement of Bacterial Intracellular pH on a Single-Cell Level with Green Fluorescent Protein and Fluorescence Ratio Imaging Microscopy

Katja N. Olsen,1,2 Birgitte B. Budde,2 Henrik Siegumfeldt,2 K. Björn Rechinger,2,{dagger} Mogens Jakobsen,2 and Hanne Ingmer1*

Department of Veterinary Microbiology,1 Department of Dairy and Food Science, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark2

Received 17 January 2002/ Accepted 14 May 2002

We show that a pH-sensitive derivative of the green fluorescent protein, designated ratiometric GFP, can be used to measure intracellular pH (pHi) in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cells. In cells expressing ratiometric GFP, the excitation ratio (fluorescence intensity at 410 and 430 nm) is correlated to the pHi, allowing fast and noninvasive determination of pHi that is ideally suited for direct analysis of individual bacterial cells present in complex environments.


* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Phone: 45 35282773. Fax: 45 35282757. E-mail: ingmer{at}biobase.dk.

{dagger} Present address: Foss Electric A/S, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark.


Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2002, p. 4145-4147, Vol. 68, No. 8
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.8.4145-4147.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.




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