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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2002, p. 4341-4349, Vol. 68, No. 9
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.9.4341-4349.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Identification of Quinoide Redox Mediators That Are Formed during the Degradation of Naphthalene-2-Sulfonate by Sphingomonas xenophaga BN6

Andreas Keck,^1, Jörg Rau,² Thorsten Reemtsma,³ Ralf Mattes,¹ Andreas Stolz,^2* and Joachim Klein^1,

Institut für Industrielle Genetik,¹ Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart,² Fachgebiet Wasserreinhaltung, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany³

Received 25 February 2002/ Accepted 7 June 2002

During aerobic degradation of naphthalene-2-sulfonate (2NS), Sphingomonas xenophaga strain BN6 produces redox mediators which significantly increase the ability of the strain to reduce azo dyes under anaerobic conditions. It was previously suggested that 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene (1,2-DHN), which is an intermediate in the degradative pathway of 2NS, is the precursor of these redox mediators. In order to analyze the importance of the formation of 1,2-DHN, the dihydroxynaphthalene dioxygenase gene (nsaC) was disrupted by gene replacement. The resulting strain, strain AKE1, did not degrade 2NS to salicylate. After aerobic preincubation with 2NS, strain AKE1 exhibited much higher reduction capacities for azo dyes under anaerobic conditions than the wild-type strain exhibited. Several compounds were present in the culture supernatants which enhanced the ability of S. xenophaga BN6 to reduce azo dyes under anaerobic conditions. Two major redox mediators were purified from the culture supernatants, and they were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and comparison with chemically synthesized standards as 4-amino-1,2-naphthoquinone and 4-ethanolamino-1,2-naphthoquinone.

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany. Phone: 49 (711) 685 5489. Fax: 49 (711) 685 5725. E-mail: andreas.stolz{at}po.uni-stuttgart.de.

Present address: Qiagen GmbH, 40724 Hilden, Germany.

Present address: Lonza AG, 3930 Visp, Switzerland.

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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2002, p. 4341-4349, Vol. 68, No. 9
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.9.4341-4349.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

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