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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2003, p. 285-289, Vol. 69, No. 1
0099-2240/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.1.285-289.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Elevated Abundance of Bacteriophage Infecting Bacteria in Soil

Kevin E. Ashelford, Martin J. Day, and John C. Fry*

Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3TL, United Kingdom

Received 5 June 2002/ Accepted 1 October 2002

Here we report the first direct counts of soil bacteriophage and show that substantial populations of these viruses exist in soil (grand mean = 1.5 x 107 g-1), at least 350-fold more than the highest numbers estimated from traditional viable plaque counts. Adding pure cultures of a Serratia phage to soil showed that the direct counting methods with electron microscopy developed here underestimated the added phage populations by at least eightfold. So, assuming natural phages were similarly underestimated, virus numbers in soil averaged 1.5 x 108 g-1, which is equivalent to 4% of the total population of bacteria. This high abundance was to some extent confirmed by hybridizing colonies grown on Serratia and Pseudomonas selective media with cocktails of phage infecting these bacteria. This showed that 8.9 and 3.9%, respectively, hybridized with colonies from the two media and confirmed the presence of phage DNA sequences in the cultivable fraction of the natural population. Thus, soil phage, like their aquatic counterparts, are likely to be important in controlling bacterial populations and mediating gene transfer in soil.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, P.O. Box 915, Cardiff CF10 3TL, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 29 2087 4190. Fax: 44 29 2087 4305. E-mail: fry{at}cardiff.ac.uk.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2003, p. 285-289, Vol. 69, No. 1
0099-2240/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.1.285-289.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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