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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, November 2003, p. 6610-6619, Vol. 69, No. 11
0099-2240/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.11.6610-6619.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Diversity and Structure of Bacterial Communities in Arctic versus Antarctic Pack Ice

Robin Brinkmeyer,1 Katrin Knittel,2 Jutta Jürgens,1 Horst Weyland,1 Rudolf Amann,2 and Elisabeth Helmke1*

Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven,1 Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen,Germany2

Received 27 January 2003/ Accepted 4 August 2003

A comprehensive assessment of bacterial diversity and community composition in arctic and antarctic pack ice was conducted through cultivation and cultivation-independent molecular techniques. We sequenced 16S rRNA genes from 115 and 87 pure cultures of bacteria isolated from arctic and antarctic pack ice, respectively. Most of the 33 arctic phylotypes were >97% identical to previously described antarctic species or to our own antarctic isolates. At both poles, the {alpha}- and {gamma}-proteobacteria and the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group were the dominant taxonomic bacterial groups identified by cultivation as well as by molecular methods. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from multiple arctic and antarctic pack ice samples revealed a high incidence of closely overlapping 16S rRNA gene clone and isolate sequences. Simultaneous analysis of environmental samples with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that ~95% of 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-stained cells hybridized with the general bacterial probe EUB338. More than 90% of those were further assignable. Approximately 50 and 36% were identified as {gamma}-proteobacteria in arctic and antarctic samples,respectively. Approximately 25% were identified as {alpha}-proteobacteria, and 25% were identified as belonging to the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group. For the quantification of specific members of the sea ice community, new oligonucleotide probes were developed which target the genera Octadecabacter, Glaciecola, Psychrobacter, Marinobacter, Shewanella, and Polaribacter. High FISH detection rates of these groups as well as high viable counts corroborated the overlap of clone and isolate sequences. A terrestrial influence on the arctic pack ice community was suggested by the presence of limnic phylotypes.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. Phone: 49 471 4831 1460. Fax: 49 471 4831 1425. E-mail: ehelmke{at}awi-bremerhaven.de.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, November 2003, p. 6610-6619, Vol. 69, No. 11
0099-2240/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.11.6610-6619.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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