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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2003, p. 3435-3447, Vol. 69, No. 6
0099-2240/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.6.3435-3447.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Use of PCR for Direct Detection of Campylobacter Species in Bovine Feces{dagger}

G. Douglas Inglis* and Lisa D. Kalischuk

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada

Received 4 October 2002/ Accepted 5 March 2003

This study reports on the use of PCR to directly detect and distinguish Campylobacter species in bovine feces without enrichment. Inhibitors present in feces are a major obstacle to using PCR to detect microorganisms. The QIAamp DNA stool minikit was found to be an efficacious extraction method, as determined by the positive amplification of internal control DNA added to bovine feces before extraction. With nested or seminested multiplex PCR, Campylobacter coli, C. fetus, C. hyointestinalis, and C. jejuni were detected in all fecal samples inoculated at {approx}104 CFU g-1, and 50 to 83% of the samples inoculated at {approx}103 CFU g-1 were positive. At {approx}102 CFU g-1, C. fetus, C. hyointestinalis, and C. jejuni (17 to 50% of the samples) but not C. coli were detected by PCR. From uninoculated bovine feces, a total of 198 arbitrarily selected isolates of Campylobacter were recovered on four commonly used isolation media incubated at three temperatures. The most frequently isolated taxa were C. jejuni (152 isolates) and C. lanienae (42 isolates), but isolates of C. fetus subsp. fetus, Arcobacter butzleri, and A. skirrowii also were recovered (<=2 isolates per taxon). Considerable variability was observed in the frequency of isolation of campylobacters among the four media and three incubation temperatures tested. With genus-specific primers, Campylobacter DNA was detected in 75% of the fecal samples, representing an 8% increase in sensitivity relative to that obtained with microbiological isolation across the four media and three incubation temperatures tested. With nested primers, C. jejuni and C. lanienae were detected in 25 and 67% of the samples, respectively. In no instance was DNA from either C. coli, C. fetus, or C. hyointestinalis detected in uninoculated bovine feces. PCR was more sensitive than isolation on microbiological media for detecting C. lanienae (17%) but not C. jejuni. Campylobacters are a diverse and fastidious group of bacteria, and the development of direct PCR not only will increase the understanding of Campylobacter species diversity and their frequency of occurrence in feces but also will enhance the knowledge of their role in the gastrointestinal tract of livestock and of the factors that influence shedding.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, 5403 1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada. Phone: (403) 317-3355. Fax: (403) 382-3156. E-mail: inglisd{at}agr.gc.ca.

{dagger} Contribution 02097 from the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2003, p. 3435-3447, Vol. 69, No. 6
0099-2240/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.6.3435-3447.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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