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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2003, p. 3979-3985, Vol. 69, No. 7
0099-2240/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.7.3979-3985.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Chlorine Inactivation of Adenovirus Type 40 and Feline Calicivirus

Jeanette A. Thurston-Enriquez,1* Charles N. Haas,2 Joseph Jacangelo,3 and Charles P. Gerba4

Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583,1 School of Environmental Science, Engineering and Policy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,2 Montgomery Watson Harza, Lovettsville, Virginia 20180,3 Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 857214

Received 1 November 2002/ Accepted 7 April 2003

Ct values, the concentration of free chlorine multiplied by time of contact with virus, were determined for free-chlorine inactivation experiments carried out with chloroform-extracted (dispersed) and non-chloroform-extracted (aggregated) feline calicivirus (FCV), adenovirus type 40 (AD40), and polio virus type 1 (PV-1). Experiments were carried out with high and low pH and temperature conditions. Ct values were calculated directly from bench-scale free-chlorine inactivation experiments and from application of the efficiency factor Hom model. For each experimental condition, Ct values were higher at pH 8 than at pH 6, higher at 5°C than at 15°C, and higher for dispersed AD40 (dAD40) than for dispersed FCV (dFCV). dFCV and dAD40 were more sensitive to free chlorine than dispersed PV-1 (dPV-1). Cts for 2 log inactivation of aggregated FCV (aFCV) and aggregated PV-1 (aPV-1) were 31.0 and 2.8 orders of magnitude higher than those calculated from experiments carried out with dispersed virus. Cts for 2 log inactivation of dFCV and dAD40 in treated groundwater at 15°C were 1.2 and 13.7 times greater than in buffered-demand-free (BDF) water experiments at 5°C. Ct values listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Guidance Manual were close to, or lower than, Ct values generated for experiments conducted with dispersed and aggregated viruses suspended in BDF water and for dispersed viruses suspended in treated groundwater. Since the state of viruses in water is most likely to be aggregated and associated with organic or inorganic matter, reevaluation of the EPA Guidance Manual Ct values is necessary, since they would not be useful for ensuring inactivation of viruses in these states. Under the tested conditions, dAD40, dFCV, aFCV, dPV-1, and aPV-1 particles would be inactivated by commonly used free chlorine concentrations (1 mg/liter) and contact times (60 to 237 min) applied for drinking water treatment in the United States.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: USDA-ARS, 120 Keim Hall, University of Nebraska East Campus, Lincoln, NE 68583-0934. Phone: (402) 472-8935. Fax: (402) 472-0516. E-mail: jthurston2{at}unl.edu.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2003, p. 3979-3985, Vol. 69, No. 7
0099-2240/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.7.3979-3985.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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