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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2003, p. 5079-5088, Vol. 69, No. 9
0099-2240/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.9.5079-5088.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Environmental Determinants of Vibrio cholerae Biofilm Development

Katharine Kierek and Paula I. Watnick*

Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111

Received 14 March 2003/ Accepted 3 June 2003

Vibrio cholerae is a versatile bacterium that flourishes in diverse environments, including the human intestine, rivers, lakes, estuaries, and the ocean. Surface attachment is believed to be essential for colonization of all of these natural environments. Previous studies have demonstrated that the vps genes, which encode proteins required for exopolysaccharide synthesis and transport, are required for V. cholerae biofilm development in Luria-Bertani broth. In this work, we showed that V. cholerae forms vps-dependent biofilms and vps-independent biofilms. The vps-dependent and -independent biofilms differ in their environmental activators and in architecture. Our results suggest that environmental activators of vps-dependent biofilm development are present in freshwater, while environmental activators of vps-independent biofilm development are present in seawater. The distinct environmental requirements for the two modes of biofilm development suggest that vps-dependent biofilm development and vps-independent biofilm development may play distinct roles in the natural environment.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Disease, New England Medical Center, 750 Washington St., Box 041, Boston, MA 02111. Phone: (617) 636-2545. Fax: (617) 636-3216. E-mail: pwatnick{at}tufts-nemc.org.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2003, p. 5079-5088, Vol. 69, No. 9
0099-2240/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.9.5079-5088.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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