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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2003, p. 5222-5227, Vol. 69, No. 9
0099-2240/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.9.5222-5227.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

PAC1, a pH-Regulatory Gene from Fusarium verticillioides{dagger}

Joseph E. Flaherty, Anna Maria Pirttilä, Burton H. Bluhm, and Charles P. Woloshuk*

Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907

Received 6 January 2003/ Accepted 29 June 2003

Fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins that contaminate maize and cause leukoencephalomalacia in equine, pulmonary edema in swine, and promote cancer in mice. Fumonisin biosynthesis in Fusarium verticillioides is repressed by nitrogen and alkaline pH. We cloned a PACC-like gene (PAC1) from F. verticillioides. PACC genes encode the major transcriptional regulators of several pH-responsive pathways in other filamentous fungi. In Northern blot analyses, a PAC1 probe hybridized to a 2.2-kb transcript present in F. verticillioides grown at alkaline pH. A mutant of F. verticillioides with a disrupted PAC1 gene had severely impaired growth at alkaline pH. The mutant produced more fumonisin than the wild type when grown on maize kernels and in a synthetic medium buffered at an acidic pH, 4.5. The mutant, but not the wild type, also produced fumonisin B1 when mycelia were resuspended in medium buffered at an alkaline pH, 8.4. Transcription of FUM1, a gene involved in fumonisin biosynthesis, was correlated with fumonisin production. We conclude that PAC1 is required for growth at alkaline pH and that Pac1 may have a role as a repressor of fumonisin biosynthesis under alkaline conditions.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 1155 Lilly Hall of Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907. Phone: (765) 494-3450. Fax: (765) 494-0363. E-mail: woloshuk{at}purdue.edu.

{dagger} This report constitutes Journal Publication 16997 of the Purdue University Agricultural Research Program.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2003, p. 5222-5227, Vol. 69, No. 9
0099-2240/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.9.5222-5227.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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