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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, November 2004, p. 6525-6534, Vol. 70, No. 11
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.11.6525-6534.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Coupling of Functional Gene Diversity and Geochemical Data from Environmental Samples

A. V. Palumbo,* J. C. Schryver, M. W. Fields,{dagger} C. E. Bagwell,{ddagger} J.-Z. Zhou, T. Yan, X. Liu,§ and C. C. Brandt

Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Received 29 August 2003/ Accepted 28 June 2004

Genomic techniques commonly used for assessing distributions of microorganisms in the environment often produce small sample sizes. We investigated artificial neural networks for analyzing the distributions of nitrite reductase genes (nirS and nirK) and two sets of dissimilatory sulfite reductase genes (dsrAB1 and dsrAB2) in small sample sets. Data reduction (to reduce the number of input parameters), cross-validation (to measure the generalization error), weight decay (to adjust model parameters to reduce generalization error), and importance analysis (to determine which variables had the most influence) were useful in developing and interpreting neural network models that could be used to infer relationships between geochemistry and gene distributions. A robust relationship was observed between geochemistry and the frequencies of genes that were not closely related to known dissimilatory sulfite reductase genes (dsrAB2). Uranium and sulfate appeared to be the most related to distribution of two groups of these unusual dsrAB-related genes. For the other three groups, the distributions appeared to be related to pH, nickel, nonpurgeable organic carbon, and total organic carbon. The models relating the geochemical parameters to the distributions of the nirS, nirK, and dsrAB1 genes did not generalize as well as the models for dsrAB2. The data also illustrate the danger (generating a model that has a high generalization error) of not using a validation approach in evaluating the meaningfulness of the fit of linear or nonlinear models to such small sample sizes.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831. Phone: (865) 576-8002. Fax: (865) 576-0524. E-mail: palumboav{at}ornl.gov.

{dagger} Present address: Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056-1400.

{ddagger} Present address: Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808.

§ Present address: Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, November 2004, p. 6525-6534, Vol. 70, No. 11
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.11.6525-6534.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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