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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2004, p. 2052-2060, Vol. 70, No. 4
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.4.2052-2060.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Identification of the Bacterial Community of Maple Sap by Using Amplified Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) Restriction Analysis and rDNA Sequencing

L. Lagacé,1,2,3* M. Pitre,2 M. Jacques,3 and D. Roy2,{dagger}

Centre de Recherche, de Développement et de Transfert Technologique Acéricole Inc.,1 Centre de Recherche et de Développement sur les Aliments, Agriculture et Agro-alimentaire Canada, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 8E3,2 Département de Pathologie et de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada3

Received 21 August 2003/ Accepted 14 January 2004

The bacterial community of maple sap was characterized by analysis of samples obtained at the taphole of maple trees for the 2001 and 2002 seasons. Among the 190 bacterial isolates, 32 groups were formed according to the similarity of the banding patterns obtained by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). A subset of representative isolates for each ARDRA group was identified by 16S rRNA gene fragment sequencing. Results showed a wide variety of organisms, with 22 different genera encountered. Pseudomonas and Ralstonia, of the {gamma}- and ß-Proteobacteria, respectively, were the most frequently encountered genera. Gram-positive bacteria were also observed, and Staphylococcus, Plantibacter, and Bacillus were the most highly represented genera. The sampling period corresponding to 50% of the cumulative sap flow percentage presented the greatest bacterial diversity according to its Shannon diversity index value (1.1). {gamma}-Proteobacteria were found to be dominant almost from the beginning of the season to the end. These results are providing interesting insights on maple sap microflora that will be useful for further investigation related to microbial contamination and quality of maple products and also for guiding new strategies on taphole contamination control.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Centre de Recherche, de Développement et de Transfert Technologique Acéricole Inc., 3600 Boul. Casavant Ouest, St-Hyacinthe, Qc. J2S 8E3, Canada. Phone: (450) 773-1105. Fax: (450) 773-8461. E-mail: luclagace{at}centreacer.qc.ca.

{dagger} Present address: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Qc. G1K 7P4, Canada.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2004, p. 2052-2060, Vol. 70, No. 4
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.4.2052-2060.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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