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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2004, p. 2503-2507, Vol. 70, No. 4
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.4.2503-2507.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Frequency and Distribution of Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Genetically Diverse, Nonselected, and Nonclinical Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Diverse Human and Animal Sources

Andrew Bryan,1,{dagger} Nir Shapir,1,2,3,4 and Michael J. Sadowsky1,2,3*

Department of Soil, Water, and Climate,1 BioTechnology Institute,2 Center for Microbial and Plant Genomics,3 Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 551084

Received 22 September 2003/ Accepted 6 January 2004

Nonselected and natural populations of Escherichia coli from 12 animal sources and humans were examined for the presence and types of 14 tetracycline resistance determinants. Of 1,263 unique E. coli isolates from humans, pigs, chickens, turkeys, sheep, cows, goats, cats, dogs, horses, geese, ducks, and deer, 31% were highly resistant to tetracycline. More than 78, 47, and 41% of the E. coli isolates from pigs, chickens, and turkeys were resistant or highly resistant to tetracycline, respectively. Tetracycline MICs for 61, 29, and 29% of E. coli isolates from pig, chickens, and turkeys, respectively, were >=233 µg/ml. Muliplex PCR analyses indicated that 97% of these strains contained at least 1 of 14 tetracycline resistance genes [tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetE, tetG, tetK, tetL, tetM, tetO, tetS, tetA(P), tetQ, and tetX] examined. While the most common genes found in these isolates were tetB (63%) and tetA (35%), tetC, tetD, and tetM were also found. E. coli isolates from pigs and chickens were the only strains to have tetM. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of tetM in E. coli.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, 439 Borlaug Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108. Phone: (612) 624-2706. Fax: (612) 625-2208. E-mail: sadowsky{at}umn.edu.

{dagger} Present address: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2004, p. 2503-2507, Vol. 70, No. 4
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.4.2503-2507.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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