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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, May 2004, p. 2678-2684, Vol. 70, No. 5
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.5.2678-2684.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Detection of Enteric Viruses in Shellfish from the Norwegian Coast

M. Myrmel,1* E. M. M. Berg,2 E. Rimstad,1 and B. Grinde2

Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, 0033 Oslo,1 Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway2

Received 7 December 2003/ Accepted 4 February 2004

Common blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), horse mussels (Modiolus modiolus), and flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) obtained from various harvesting and commercial production sites along the Norwegian coast were screened for the presence of norovirus by a real-time reverse transcription (RT)-nested PCR assay and for possible indicators of fecal contamination, i.e., for F-specific RNA bacteriophages (F-RNA phages) by plaque assay and for human adenoviruses and human circoviruses by nested PCR assay. The aims were to obtain relevant information for assessing the risk of transmission of enteric viruses by shellfish and to investigate the potential of various indicator viruses in routine screening. Noroviruses were detected in 6.8% of the samples, and the indicators were detected in 23.8% (F-RNA phages), 18.6% (adenoviruses), and 8.0% (circoviruses) of the samples. A seasonal variation was observed, with the exception of circoviruses, with more positive samples in the winter. A positive correlation was found between F-RNA phages and noroviruses. However, F-RNA phages were present in only 43% of the norovirus-positive samples. The results show that mussels from the Norwegian coast can constitute a risk of infection with enteric viruses and that routine testing of samples may be justified. Advantages and disadvantages of various options for screening are discussed.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, P.O. Box 8147 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway. Phone: 47 22964771. Fax: 47 22964818. E-mail: Mette.Myrmel{at}veths.no.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, May 2004, p. 2678-2684, Vol. 70, No. 5
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.5.2678-2684.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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