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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, May 2004, p. 3096-3102, Vol. 70, No. 5
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.5.3096-3102.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Anaerobic Nitrogen-Fixing Consortia Consisting of Clostridia Isolated from Gramineous Plants

Kiwamu Minamisawa,1* Kiyo Nishioka,1 Taro Miyaki,1,2 Bin Ye,1,2 Takuya Miyamoto,1 Mu You,1 Asami Saito,1 Masanori Saito,3 Wilfredo L. Barraquio,4 Neung Teaumroong,5 Than Sein,6 and Tadashi Sato1

Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577,1 Bio-Oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (BRAIN), Nisshin-cyo, Omiya, Saitama 331-8537,2 National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Nishi-nasuno, Tochigi 329-2793, Japan,3 Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines,4 School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon-Ratchasima 30000, Thailand,5 Central Agriculture Research Institute, Gyogon, Insein, Yangon, Myanmar6

Received 18 November 2003/ Accepted 2 February 2004

We report here the existence of anaerobic nitrogen-fixing consortia (ANFICOs) consisting of N2-fixing clostridia and diverse nondiazotrophic bacteria in nonleguminous plants; we found these ANFICOs while attempting to overcome a problem with culturing nitrogen-fixing microbes from various gramineous plants. A major feature of ANFICOs is that N2 fixation by the anaerobic clostridia is supported by the elimination of oxygen by the accompanying bacteria in the culture. In a few ANFICOs, nondiazotrophic bacteria specifically induced nitrogen fixation of the clostridia in culture. ANFICOs are widespread in wild rice species and pioneer plants, which are able to grow in unfavorable locations. These results indicate that clostridia are naturally occurring endophytes in gramineous plants and that clostridial N2 fixation arises in association with nondiazotrophic endophytes.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan. Phone and fax: 81-22-217-5684. E-mail: kiwamu{at}ige.tohoku.ac.jp.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, May 2004, p. 3096-3102, Vol. 70, No. 5
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.5.3096-3102.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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