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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2004, p. 3282-3291, Vol. 70, No. 6
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.6.3282-3291.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

In Vivo Production of Artificial Nonribosomal Peptide Products in the Heterologous Host Escherichia coli

Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Philipps University Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany

Received 6 January 2004/ Accepted 18 February 2004

Nonribosomal peptide synthetases represent the enzymatic assembly lines for the biosynthesis of pharmacologically relevant natural peptides, e.g., cyclosporine, vancomycin, and penicillin. Due to their modular organization, in which every module accounts for the incorporation of a single amino acid, artificial assembly lines for the production of novel peptides can be constructed by biocombinatorial approaches. Once transferred into an appropriate host, these hybrid synthetases could facilitate the bioproduction of basically any peptide-based molecule. In the present study, we describe the fermentative production of the cyclic dipeptide D-Phe-Pro-diketopiperazine, as a prototype for the exploitation of the heterologous host Escherichia coli, and the use of artificial nonribosomal peptide synthetases. E. coli provides a tremendous potential for genetic engineering and was manipulated in our study by stable chromosomal integration of the 4'-phosphopantetheine transferase gene sfp to ensure heterologous production of fully active holoenzmyes. D-Phe-Pro-diketopiperazine is formed by the TycA/TycB1 system, whose components represent the first two modules for tyrocidine biosynthesis in Bacillus brevis. Coexpression of the corresponding genes in E. coli gave rise to the production of the expected diketopiperazine product, demonstrating the functional interaction of both modules in the heterologous environment. Furthermore, the cyclic dipeptide is stable and not toxic to E. coli and is secreted into the culture medium without the need for any additional factors. Parameters affecting the productivity were comprehensively investigated, including various genetic setups, as well as variation of medium composition and temperature. By these means, the overall productivity of the artificial system could be enhanced by over 400% to yield about 9 mg of D-Phe-Pro-diketopiperazine/liter. As a general tool, this approach could allow the sustainable bioproduction of peptides, e.g., those used as pharmaceuticals or fine chemicals.

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