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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2004, p. 4040-4047, Vol. 70, No. 7
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.7.4040-4047.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Initial Reaction(s) in Biotransformation of CL-20 Is Catalyzed by Salicylate 1-Monooxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. Strain ATCC 29352

Bharat Bhushan,¹ Annamaria Halasz,¹ Jim C. Spain,² and Jalal Hawari^1*

Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada,¹ U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida 32403²

Received 16 January 2004/ Accepted 6 April 2004

CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane) (C₆H₆N₁₂O₁₂), a future-generation high-energy explosive, is biodegradable by Pseudomonas sp. strain FA1 and Agrobacterium sp. strain JS71; however, the nature of the enzyme(s) involved in the process was not understood. In the present study, salicylate 1-monooxygenase, a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-containing purified enzyme from Pseudomonas sp. strain ATCC 29352, biotransformed CL-20 at rates of 0.256 ± 0.011 and 0.043 ± 0.003 nmol min^–1 mg of protein^–1 under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, respectively. The disappearance of CL-20 was accompanied by the release of nitrite ions. Using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in the negative electrospray ionization mode, we detected a metabolite with a deprotonated mass ion [M – H]^– at 345 Da, corresponding to an empirical formula of C₆H₆N₁₀O₈, produced as a result of two sequential N denitration steps on the CL- 20 molecule. We also detected two isomeric metabolites with [M – H]^– at 381 Da corresponding to an empirical formula of C₆H₁₀N₁₀O₁₀. The latter was a hydrated product of the metabolite C₆H₆N₁₀O₈ with addition of two H₂O molecules, as confirmed by tests using ¹⁸O-labeled water. The product stoichiometry showed that each reacted CL-20 molecule produced about 1.7 nitrite ions, 3.2 molecules of nitrous oxide, 1.5 molecules of formic acid, and 0.6 ammonium ion. Diphenyliodonium-mediated inhibition of salicylate 1-monooxygenase and a comparative study between native, deflavo, and reconstituted enzyme(s) showed that FAD site of the enzyme was involved in the biotransformation of CL-20 catalyzed by salicylate 1-monooxygenase. The data suggested that salicylate 1-monooxygenase catalyzed two oxygen-sensitive single-electron transfer steps necessary to release two nitrite ions from CL-20 and that this was followed by the secondary decomposition of this energetic chemical.

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Ave., Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada. Phone: (514) 496-6267. Fax: (514) 496-6265. E-mail: jalal.hawari{at}nrc.ca.

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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2004, p. 4040-4047, Vol. 70, No. 7
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.7.4040-4047.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

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