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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2004, p. 4538-4543, Vol. 70, No. 8
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.8.4538-4543.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Inactivation of Caliciviruses

Erwin Duizer,* Paul Bijkerk, Barry Rockx, Astrid de Groot, Fleur Twisk, and Marion Koopmans

Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands

Received 8 December 2003/ Accepted 5 May 2004

The viruses most commonly associated with food- and waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis are the noroviruses. The lack of a culture method for noroviruses warrants the use of cultivable model viruses to gain more insight on their transmission routes and inactivation methods. We studied the inactivation of the reported enteric canine calicivirus no. 48 (CaCV) and the respiratory feline calicivirus F9 (FeCV) and correlated inactivation to reduction in PCR units of FeCV, CaCV, and a norovirus. Inactivation of suspended viruses was temperature and time dependent in the range from 0 to 100°C. UV-B radiation from 0 to 150 mJ/cm2 caused dose-dependent inactivation, with a 3 D (D = 1 log10) reduction in infectivity at 34 mJ/cm2 for both viruses. Inactivation by 70% ethanol was inefficient, with only 3 D reduction after 30 min. Sodium hypochlorite solutions were only effective at >300 ppm. FeCV showed a higher stability at pH <3 and pH >7 than CaCV. For all treatments, detection of viral RNA underestimated the reduction in viral infectivity. Norovirus was never more sensitive than the animal caliciviruses and profoundly more resistant to low and high pH. Overall, both animal viruses showed similar inactivation profiles when exposed to heat or UV-B radiation or when incubated in ethanol or hypochlorite. The low stability of CaCV at low pH suggests that this is not a typical enteric (calici-) virus. The incomplete inactivation by ethanol and the high hypochlorite concentration needed for sufficient virus inactivation point to a concern for decontamination of fomites and surfaces contaminated with noroviruses and virus-safe water.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening (LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Phone: 310 30 274 4142. Fax: 31 30 274 4418. E-mail: Erwin.Duizer{at}rivm.nl.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2004, p. 4538-4543, Vol. 70, No. 8
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.8.4538-4543.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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