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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, February 2005, p. 1042-1050, Vol. 71, No. 2
0099-2240/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.71.2.1042-1050.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Nine-Year Study of the Occurrence of Culturable Viruses in Source Water for Two Drinking Water Treatment Plants and the Influent and Effluent of a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (August 1994 through July 2003)

Gerald Sedmak,1* David Bina,1 Jeffrey MacDonald,2 and Lon Couillard3

Virology Division, City of Milwaukee Health Department,1 Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District,2 Linnwood Plant, City of Milwaukee Water Works, Milwaukee, Wisconsin3

Received 10 June 2004/ Accepted 13 September 2004

Reoviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses were quantified by culture for various ambient waters in the Milwaukee area. From August 1994 through July 2003, the influent and effluent of a local wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were tested monthly by a modified U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Information Collection Rule (ICR) organic flocculation cell culture procedure for the detection of culturable viruses. Modification of the ICR procedure included using Caco-2, RD, and HEp-2 cells in addition to BGM cells. Lake Michigan source water for two local drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) was also tested monthly for culturable viruses by passing 200 liters of source water through a filter and culturing a concentrate representing 100 liters of source water. Reoviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses were detected frequently (105 of 107 samples) and, at times, in high concentration in WWTP influent but were detected less frequently (32 of 107 samples) in plant effluent and at much lower concentrations. Eighteen of 204 samples (8.8%) of source waters for the two DWTPs were positive for virus and exclusively positive for reoviruses at relatively low titers. Both enteroviruses and reoviruses were detected in WWTP influent, most frequently during the second half of the year.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Virology Division, City of Milwaukee Health Department, 841 N. Broadway, Room 205, Milwaukee, WI 53202. Phone: (414) 286-3526. Fax: (414) 286-5098. E-mail: gsedma{at}milwaukee.gov.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, February 2005, p. 1042-1050, Vol. 71, No. 2
0099-2240/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.71.2.1042-1050.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Rodriguez, R. A., Gundy, P. M., Gerba, C. P. (2008). Comparison of BGM and PLC/PRC/5 Cell Lines for Total Culturable Viral Assay of Treated Sewage. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 2583-2587 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


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