This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by From, C.
Right arrow Articles by Granum, P. E.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by From, C.
Right arrow Articles by Granum, P. E.
Agricola
Right arrow Articles by From, C.
Right arrow Articles by Granum, P. E.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, March 2005, p. 1178-1183, Vol. 71, No. 3
0099-2240/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.71.3.1178-1183.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Toxin-Producing Ability among Bacillus spp. Outside the Bacillus cereus Group

Cecilie From,1 Rudiger Pukall,2 Peter Schumann,2 Víctor Hormazábal,1 and Per Einar Granum1*

Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway,1 Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany2

Received 14 May 2004/ Accepted 11 October 2004

A total of 333 Bacillus spp. isolated from foods, water, and food plants were examined for the production of possible enterotoxins and emetic toxins using a cytotoxicity assay on Vero cells, the boar spermatozoa motility assay, and a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Eight strains produced detectable toxins; six strains were cytotoxic, three strains produced putative emetic toxins (different in size from cereulide), and one strain produced both cytotoxin(s) and putative emetic toxin(s). The toxin-producing strains could be assigned to four different species, B. subtilis, B. mojavensis, B. pumilus, or B. fusiformis, by using a polyphasic approach including biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and DNA-based analyses. Four of the strains produced cytotoxins that were concentrated by ammonium sulfate followed by dialysis, and two strains produced cytotoxins that were not concentrated by such a treatment. Two cultures maintained full cytotoxic activity, two cultures reduced their activity, and two cultures lost their activity after boiling. The two most cytotoxic strains (both B. mojavensis) were tested for toxin production at different temperatures. One of these strains produced cytotoxin at growth temperatures ranging from 25 to 42°C, and no reduction in activity was observed even after 24 h of growth at 42°C. The strains that produced putative emetic toxins were tested for the influence of time and temperature on the toxin production. It was shown that they produced putative emetic toxin faster or just as fast at 30 as at 22°C. None of the cytotoxic strains produced B. cereus-like enterotoxins as tested by PCR or by immunological methods.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146, Dep, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway. Phone: 47 22964845. Fax: 47 22964850. E-mail: per.e.granum{at}veths.no.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, March 2005, p. 1178-1183, Vol. 71, No. 3
0099-2240/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.71.3.1178-1183.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Cardazzo, B., Negrisolo, E., Carraro, L., Alberghini, L., Patarnello, T., Giaccone, V. (2008). Multiple-Locus Sequence Typing and Analysis of Toxin Genes in Bacillus cereus Food-Borne Isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 850-860 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • George, C. L. S., Goss, K. L., Meyerholz, D. K., Lamb, F. S., Snyder, J. M. (2008). Surfactant-Associated Protein A Provides Critical Immunoprotection in Neonatal Mice. Infect. Immun. 76: 380-390 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gray, K. M., Banada, P. P., O'Neal, E., Bhunia, A. K. (2005). Rapid Ped-2E9 Cell-Based Cytotoxicity Analysis and Genotyping of Bacillus Species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 5865-5872 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»