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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2005, p. 2934-2939, Vol. 71, No. 6
0099-2240/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.71.6.2934-2939.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

FLO11-Based Model for Air-Liquid Interfacial Biofilm Formation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Severino Zara,1 Alan T. Bakalinsky,2 Giacomo Zara,1 Giorgia Pirino,1 Maria Antonietta Demontis,1 and Marilena Budroni1*

Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Agrarie e Biotecnologie Agroalimentari, Sezione di Microbiologia Generale ed Applicata, Università di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy,1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Wiegand Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-66022

Received 9 June 2004/ Accepted 27 December 2004

Sardinian wine strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae used to make sherry-like wines form a biofilm at the air-liquid interface at the end of ethanolic fermentation, when grape sugar is depleted and further growth becomes dependent on access to oxygen. Here, we show that FLO11, which encodes a hydrophobic cell wall glycoprotein, is required for the air-liquid interfacial biofilm and that biofilm cells have a buoyant density greater than the suspending medium. We propose a model for biofilm formation based on an increase in cell surface hydrophobicity occurring at the diauxic shift. This increase leads to formation of multicellular aggregates that effectively entrap carbon dioxide, providing buoyancy. A visible biofilm appears when a sufficient number of hydrophobic cell aggregates are carried to and grow on the liquid surface.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Agrarie e Biotecnologie Agroalimentari, Sezione di Microbiologia Generale ed Applicata, Università di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy. Phone: 39-079-229314. Fax: 39-079-229370. E-mail: mbudroni{at}uniss.it.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2005, p. 2934-2939, Vol. 71, No. 6
0099-2240/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.71.6.2934-2939.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Govender, P., Domingo, J. L., Bester, M. C., Pretorius, I. S., Bauer, F. F. (2008). Controlled Expression of the Dominant Flocculation Genes FLO1, FLO5, and FLO11 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 6041-6052 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Douglas, L. M., Li, L., Yang, Y., Dranginis, A. M. (2007). Expression and Characterization of the Flocculin Flo11/Muc1, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mannoprotein with Homotypic Properties of Adhesion. Eukaryot Cell 6: 2214-2221 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Dranginis, A. M., Rauceo, J. M., Coronado, J. E., Lipke, P. N. (2007). A Biochemical Guide to Yeast Adhesins: Glycoproteins for Social and Antisocial Occasions. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 71: 282-294 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fidalgo, M., Barrales, R. R., Ibeas, J. I., Jimenez, J. (2006). Adaptive evolution by mutations in the FLO11 gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 11228-11233 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


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