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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2005, p. 3100-3105, Vol. 71, No. 6
0099-2240/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.71.6.3100-3105.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Inactivation of Enteric Adenovirus and Feline Calicivirus by Chlorine Dioxide

Jeanette A. Thurston-Enriquez,^1* Charles N. Haas,² Joseph Jacangelo,³ and Charles P. Gerba⁴

U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 120 Keim Hall, University of Nebraska East Campus, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0934,¹ School of Environmental Science, Engineering, and Policy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,² Montgomery Watson Harza, Lovettsville, Virginia 20180,³ Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721⁴

Received 12 July 2004/ Accepted 20 December 2004

Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) inactivation experiments were conducted with adenovirus type 40 (AD40) and feline calicivirus (FCV). Experiments were carried out in buffered, disinfectant demand-free water under high- and low-pH and -temperature conditions. Ct values (the concentration of ClO₂ multiplied by contact time with the virus) were calculated directly from bench-scale experiments and from application of the efficiency factor Hom (EFH) model. AD40 Ct ranges for 4-log inactivation (Ct_99.99%) at 5°C were >0.77 to <1.53 mg/liter x min and >0.80 to <1.59 mg/liter x min for pH 6 and 8, respectively. For 15°C AD40 experiments, >0.49 to <0.74 mg/liter x min and <0.12 mg/liter x min Ct_99.99% ranges were observed for pH 6 and 8, respectively. FCV Ct_99.99% ranges for 5°C experiments were >20.20 to <30.30 mg/liter x min and >0.68 mg/liter x min for pH 6 and 8, respectively. For 15°C FCV experiments, Ct_99.99% ranges were >4.20 to <6.72 and <0.18 mg/liter x min for pH 6 and 8, respectively. Viral inactivation was higher at pH 8 than at pH 6 and at 15°C than at 5°C. Comparison of Ct values and inactivation curves demonstrated that the EFH model described bench-scale experiment data very well. Observed bench-scale Ct_99.99% ranges and EFH model Ct_99.99% values demonstrated that FCV is more resistant to ClO₂ than AD40 for the conditions studied. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidance manual Ct_99.99% values are higher than Ct_99.99% values calculated from bench-scale experiments and from EFH model application.

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: USDA-ARS, 138 Keim Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0934. Phone: (402) 472-8935. Fax: (402) 472-0516. E-mail: Jthurston2{at}unl.edu.

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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2005, p. 3100-3105, Vol. 71, No. 6
0099-2240/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.71.6.3100-3105.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

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