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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2005, p. 5551-5559, Vol. 71, No. 9
0099-2240/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.71.9.5551-5559.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Abundances, Identity, and Growth State of Actinobacteria in Mountain Lakes of Different UV Transparency

Falk Warnecke,1,{dagger} Ruben Sommaruga,2 Raju Sekar,1,{ddagger} Julia S. Hofer,2 and Jakob Pernthaler1*

Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany,1 Laboratory of Aquatic Photobiology and Plankton Ecology, Institute of Zoology and Limnology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria2

Received 16 February 2005/ Accepted 12 April 2005

The occurrence, identity, and activity of microbes from the class Actinobacteria was studied in the surface waters of 10 oligo- to mesotrophic mountain lakes located between 913 m and 2,799 m above sea level. Oligonucleotide probes were designed to distinguish between individual lineages within this group by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Bacteria of a single phylogenetic lineage (acI) represented >90% of all Actinobacteria in the studied lakes, and they constituted up to 70% of the total bacterial abundances. In the subset of eight lakes situated above the treeline, the community contribution of bacteria from the acI lineage was significantly correlated with the ambient levels of solar UV radiation (UV transparency, r2 = 0.72; P < 0.01). Three distinct genotypic subpopulations were distinguished within acI that constituted varying fractions of all Actinobacteria in the different lakes. The abundance of growing actinobacterial cells was estimated by FISH and immunocytochemical detection of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into de novo-synthesized DNA. The percentages of Actinobacteria with visible DNA synthesis approximately corresponded to the average percentages of BrdU-positive cells in the total assemblages. Actinobacteria from different subclades of the acI lineage, therefore, constituted an important autochthonous element of the aquatic microbial communities in many of the studied lakes, potentially also due to their higher UV resistance.

* Corresponding author. Present address: Limnological Station, Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Seestr. 187, CH-8802 Kilchberg, Switzerland. Phone: 41 1 716 1210. Fax: 41 1 716 1225. E-mail: pernthaler{at}limnol.unizh.ch.

{dagger} Present address: Microbial Ecology Program, DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, Calif.

{ddagger} Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Fla.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2005, p. 5551-5559, Vol. 71, No. 9
0099-2240/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.71.9.5551-5559.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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