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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2006, p. 680-685, Vol. 72, No. 1
0099-2240/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.72.1.680-685.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Ochratoxin A Production and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus tubingensis, and Aspergillus niger Strains Isolated from Grapes in Italy

Giancarlo Perrone,1 Giuseppina Mulè,1* Antonia Susca,1 Paola Battilani,2 Amedeo Pietri,3 and Antonio Logrieco1

Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Via G. Amendola 122/O, I-70126 Bari, Italy,1 Istituto di Entomologia e Patologia Vegetale,2 Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy3

Received 22 April 2005/ Accepted 11 October 2005

Ochratoxin A is a potent nephrotoxin and a possible human carcinogen that can contaminate various agricultural products, including grapes and wine. The capabilities of species other than Aspergillus carbonarius within Aspergillus section Nigri to produce ochratoxin A from grapes are uncertain, since strain identification is based primarily on morphological traits. We used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and genomic DNA sequences (rRNA, calmodulin, and ß-tubulin genes) to identify 77 black aspergilli isolated from grape berries collected in a 2-year survey in 16 vineyards throughout Italy. Four main clusters were distinguished, and they shared an AFLP similarity of <25%. Twenty-two of 23 strains of A. carbonarius produced ochratoxin A (6 to 7,500 µg/liter), 5 of 20 strains of A. tubingensis produced ochratoxin A (4 to 130 µg/liter), 3 of 15 strains of A. niger produced ochratoxin A (250 to 360 µg/liter), and none of the 19 strains of Aspergillus "uniseriate" produced ochratoxin A above the level of detection (4 µg/liter). These findings indicate that A. tubingensis is able to produce ochratoxin and that, together with A. carbonarius and A. niger, it may be responsible for the ochratoxin contamination of wine in Italy.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institute of Sciences of Food Production, ISPA-CNR, Via G. Amendola, 122/O, I-70126 Bari, Italy. Phone: 39-080 5929329. Fax: 39-080 5929874. E-mail: giuseppina.mule{at}ispa.cnr.it

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2006, p. 680-685, Vol. 72, No. 1
0099-2240/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.72.1.680-685.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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