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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, May 2006, p. 3550-3557, Vol. 72, No. 5
0099-2240/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.72.5.3550-3557.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Auxofuran, a Novel Metabolite That Stimulates the Growth of Fly Agaric, Is Produced by the Mycorrhiza Helper Bacterium Streptomyces Strain AcH 505{dagger}

Julia Riedlinger,1 Silvia D. Schrey,2,{ddagger} Mika T. Tarkka,2,{ddagger}* Rüdiger Hampp,2 Manmohan Kapur,3 and Hans-Peter Fiedler1*

Mikrobiologisches Institut,1 Botanisches Institut,2 Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany3

Received 12 October 2005/ Accepted 24 February 2006

The mycorrhiza helper bacterium Streptomyces strain AcH 505 improves mycelial growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi and formation of ectomycorrhizas between Amanita muscaria and spruce but suppresses the growth of plant-pathogenic fungi, suggesting that it produces both fungal growth-stimulating and -suppressing compounds. The dominant fungal-growth-promoting substance produced by strain AcH 505, auxofuran, was isolated, and its effect on the levels of gene expression of A. muscaria was investigated. Auxofuran and its synthetic analogue 7-dehydroxy-auxofuran were most effective at a concentration of 15 µM, and application of these compounds led to increased lipid metabolism-related gene expression. Cocultivation of strain AcH 505 and A. muscaria stimulated auxofuran production by the streptomycete. The antifungal substances produced by strain AcH 505 were identified as the antibiotics WS-5995 B and C. WS-5995 B completely blocked mycelial growth at a concentration of 60 µM and caused a cell stress-related gene expression response in A. muscaria. Characterization of these compounds provides the foundation for molecular analysis of the fungus-bacterium interaction in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between fly agaric and spruce.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address for Mika T. Tarkka: Botanisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany. Phone: 49-7071-29 76154. Fax: 49-7071-29 5635. E-mail: mika.tarkka{at}uni-tuebingen.de. Mailing address for Hans-Peter Fiedler: Mikrobiologisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany. Phone: 49-7071-29 72079. Fax: 49-7071-29 5999. E-mail: hans-peter.fiedler{at}uni-tuebingen.de.

{dagger} Article no. 35 in "Biosynthetic Capacities of Actinomycetes."

{ddagger} S.D.S. and M.T.T. contributed equally to this work.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, May 2006, p. 3550-3557, Vol. 72, No. 5
0099-2240/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.72.5.3550-3557.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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