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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2006, p. 3814-3825, Vol. 72, No. 6
0099-2240/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00119-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Yersiniabactin Production by Pseudomonas syringae and Escherichia coli, and Description of a Second Yersiniabactin Locus Evolutionary Group

Alain Bultreys,1* Isabelle Gheysen,1 and Edmond de Hoffmann2

Département Biotechnologie, Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques, B-5030 Gembloux,1 Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium2

Received 17 January 2006/ Accepted 6 March 2006

The siderophore and virulence factor yersiniabactin is produced by Pseudomonas syringae. Yersiniabactin was originally detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC); commonly used PCR tests proved ineffective. Yersiniabactin production in P. syringae correlated with the possession of irp1 located in a predicted yersiniabactin locus. Three similarly divergent yersiniabactin locus groups were determined: the Yersinia pestis group, the P. syringae group, and the Photorhabdus luminescens group; yersiniabactin locus organization is similar in P. syringae and P. luminescens. In P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000, the locus has a high GC content (63.4% compared with 58.4% for the chromosome and 60.1% and 60.7% for adjacent regions) but it lacks high-pathogenicity-island features, such as the insertion in a tRNA locus, the integrase, and insertion sequence elements. In P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and pv. phaseolicola 1448A, the locus lies between homologues of Psyr_2284 and Psyr_2285 of P. syringae pv. syringae B728a, which lacks the locus. Among tested pseudomonads, a PCR test specific to two yersiniabactin locus groups detected a locus in genospecies 3, 7, and 8 of P. syringae, and DNA hybridization within P. syringae also detected a locus in the pathovars phaseolicola and glycinea. The PCR and HPLC methods enabled analysis of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli. HPLC-proven yersiniabactin-producing E. coli lacked modifications found in irp1 and irp2 in the human pathogen CFT073, and it is not clear whether CFT073 produces yersiniabactin. The study provides clues about the evolution and dispersion of yersiniabactin genes. It describes methods to detect and study yersiniabactin producers, even where genes have evolved.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Département Biotechnologie, Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques, Chaussée de Charleroi 234, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. Phone: 32 (0) 81 62 73 88. Fax: 32 (0) 81 62 73 99. E-mail: bultreys{at}cra.wallonie.be.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2006, p. 3814-3825, Vol. 72, No. 6
0099-2240/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00119-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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