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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2006, p. 4338-4346, Vol. 72, No. 6
0099-2240/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02517-05
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Biodiversity and Classification of Lactococcal Phages

Hélène Deveau,1,2 Simon J. Labrie,1,2 Marie-Christine Chopin,3 and Sylvain Moineau1,2,4*

Département de Biochimie et de Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1K 7P4,1 Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1K 7P4,2 Laboratoire de Génétique Microbienne, INRA, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France,3 Félix d'Hérelle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1K 7P44

Received 25 October 2005/ Accepted 26 March 2006

For this study, an in-depth review of the classification of Lactococcus lactis phages was performed. Reference phages as well as unclassified phages from international collections were analyzed by stringent DNA-DNA hybridization studies, electron microscopy observations, and sequence analyses. A new classification scheme for lactococcal phages is proposed that reduces the current 12 groups to 8. However, two new phages (Q54 and 1706), which are unrelated to known lactococcal phages, may belong to new emerging groups. The multiplex PCR method currently used for the rapid identification of phages from the three main lactococcal groups (936, c2, and P335) was improved and tested against the other groups, none of which gave a PCR product, confirming the specificity of this detection tool. However, this method does not detect all members of the highly diverse P335 group. The lactococcal phages characterized here were deposited in the Félix d'Hérelle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses and represent a highly diverse viral community from the dairy environment.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1K 7P4. Phone: (418) 656-3712. Fax: (418) 656-2861. E-mail: Sylvain.Moineau{at}bcm.ulaval.ca.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2006, p. 4338-4346, Vol. 72, No. 6
0099-2240/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02517-05
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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