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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2006, p. 5266-5273, Vol. 72, No. 8
0099-2240/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00530-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Engineering of Promoter Replacement Cassettes for Fine-Tuning of Gene Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Elke Nevoigt,1,2 Jessica Kohnke,2 Curt R. Fischer,1 Hal Alper,1 Ulf Stahl,2 and Gregory Stephanopoulos1*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Room 56-469, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,1 Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Berlin University of Technology, Seestr. 13, D-13353 Berlin, Germany2

Received 6 March 2006/ Accepted 21 April 2006

The strong overexpression or complete deletion of a gene gives only limited information about its control over a certain phenotype or pathway. Gene function studies based on these methods are therefore incomplete. To effect facile manipulation of gene expression across a full continuum of possible expression levels, we recently created a library of mutant promoters. Here, we provide the detailed characterization of our yeast promoter collection comprising 11 mutants of the strong constitutive Saccharomyces cerevisiae TEF1 promoter. The activities of the mutant promoters range between about 8% and 120% of the activity of the unmutated TEF1 promoter. The differences in reporter gene expression in the 11 mutants were independent of the carbon source used, and real-time PCR confirmed that these differences were due to varying levels of transcription (i.e., caused by varying promoter strengths). In addition to a CEN/ARS plasmid-based promoter collection, we also created promoter replacement cassettes. They enable genomic integration of our mutant promoter collection upstream of any given yeast gene, allowing detailed genotype-phenotype characterizations. To illustrate the utility of the method, the GPD1 promoter of S. cerevisiae was replaced by five TEF1 promoter mutants of different strengths, which allowed analysis of the impact of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity on the glycerol yield.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139. Phone: (617) 258-0398. Fax: (617) 253-3122. E-mail: gregstep{at}mit.edu.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2006, p. 5266-5273, Vol. 72, No. 8
0099-2240/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00530-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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