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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2006, p. 5643-5647, Vol. 72, No. 8
0099-2240/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00402-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

SHORT REPORT

Occurrence of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea in Wastewater Treatment Plant Bioreactors

Hee-Deung Park,1 George F. Wells,1 Hyokwan Bae,2 Craig S. Criddle,1 and Christopher A. Francis3*

Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305,1 School of Environmental Science and Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea 790-784,2 Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 943053

Received 17 February 2006/ Accepted 22 May 2006

We report molecular evidence that ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) occur in activated sludge bioreactors used to remove ammonia from wastewater. Using PCR primers targeting archaeal ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) genes, we retrieved and compared 75 sequences from five wastewater treatment plants operating with low dissolved oxygen levels and long retention times. All of these sequences showed similarity to sequences previously found in soil and sediments, and they were distributed primarily in four major phylogenetic clusters. One of these clusters contained virtually identical amoA sequences obtained from all five activated sludge samples (from Oregon, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey) and accounted for 67% of all the sequences, suggesting that this AOA phylotype may be widespread in nitrifying bioreactors.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Building 320, Room 118, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115. Phone: (650) 724-0301. Fax: (650) 725-2199. E-mail: caf{at}stanford.edu.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2006, p. 5643-5647, Vol. 72, No. 8
0099-2240/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00402-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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