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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2006, p. 5957-5962, Vol. 72, No. 9
0099-2240/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00439-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Abundance of narG, nirS, nirK, and nosZ Genes of Denitrifying Bacteria during Primary Successions of a Glacier Foreland

Ellen Kandeler,1* Kathrin Deiglmayr,2 Dagmar Tscherko,1 David Bru,3 and Laurent Philippot3

Institute of Soil Science,1 Institute of Crop Production and Grassland Research, University of Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany,2 INRA-University of Burgundy, Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and Geochemistry, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France3

Received 23 February 2006/ Accepted 26 June 2006

Quantitative PCR of denitrification genes encoding the nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide reductases was used to study denitrifiers across a glacier foreland. Environmental samples collected at different distances from a receding glacier contained amounts of 16S rRNA target molecules ranging from 4.9 x 105 to 8.9 x 105 copies per nanogram of DNA but smaller amounts of narG, nirK, and nosZ target molecules. Thus, numbers of narG, nirK, nirS, and nosZ copies per nanogram of DNA ranged from 2.1 x 103 to 2.6 x 104, 7.4 x 102 to 1.4 x 103, 2.5 x 102 to 6.4 x 103, and 1.2 x 103 to 5.5 x 103, respectively. The densities of 16S rRNA genes per gram of soil increased with progressing soil development. The densities as well as relative abundances of different denitrification genes provide evidence that different denitrifier communities develop under primary succession: higher percentages of narG and nirS versus 16S rRNA genes were observed in the early stage of primary succession, while the percentages of nirK and nosZ genes showed no significant increase or decrease with soil age. Statistical analyses revealed that the amount of organic substances was the most important factor in the abundance of eubacteria as well as of nirK and nosZ communities, and copy numbers of these two genes were the most important drivers changing the denitrifying community along the chronosequence. This study yields an initial insight into the ecology of bacteria carrying genes for the denitrification pathway in a newly developing alpine environment.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institute of Soil Science, University of Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany. Phone: 49 (0)711 459 4220. Fax: 49 (0)711 459 3117. E-mail: kandeler{at}uni-hohenheim.de.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2006, p. 5957-5962, Vol. 72, No. 9
0099-2240/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00439-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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