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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2007, p. 4185-4190, Vol. 73, No. 13
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00326-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Effective Heat Inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Raw Milk Contaminated with Naturally Infected Feces{triangledown}

Jan L. W. Rademaker,* Marc M. M. Vissers, and Meike C. te Giffel

Department of Health & Safety, NIZO food research, Kernhemseweg 2, 6718 ZB Ede, The Netherlands

Received 9 February 2007/ Accepted 3 May 2007

The effectiveness of high-temperature, short holding time (HTST) pasteurization and homogenization with respect to inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was evaluated quantitatively. This allowed a detailed determination of inactivation kinetics. High concentrations of feces from cows with clinical symptoms of Johne's disease were used to contaminate raw milk in order to realistically mimic possible incidents most closely. Final M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis concentrations varying from 102 to 3.5 x 105 cells per ml raw milk were used. Heat treatments including industrial HTST were simulated on a pilot scale with 22 different time-temperature combinations, including 60 to 90°C at holding (mean residence) times of 6 to 15 s. Following 72°C and a holding time of 6 s, 70°C for 10 and 15 s, or under more stringent conditions, no viable M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells were recovered, resulting in >4.2- to >7.1-fold reductions, depending on the original inoculum concentrations. Inactivation kinetic modeling of 69 quantitative data points yielded an Ea of 305,635 J/mol and an lnk0 of 107.2, corresponding to a D value of 1.2 s at 72°C and a Z value of 7.7°C. Homogenization did not significantly affect the inactivation. The conclusion can be drawn that HTST pasteurization conditions equal to 15 s at ≥72°C result in a more-than-sevenfold reduction of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: NIZO food research, P.O. Box 20, 6710 BA Ede, The Netherlands. Phone: 31-318-659550. Fax: 31-318-650400. E-mail: Jan.Rademaker{at}nizo.nl

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 11 May 2007.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2007, p. 4185-4190, Vol. 73, No. 13
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00326-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Bendall, J. G., Pearce, L. E. (2008). Letter to the Editor: Pasteurization Temperature of Milk: A Comment on Gandy et al. (2008). J DAIRY SCI 91: 4113-4114 [Full Text]  


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