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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2007, p. 4357-4358, Vol. 73, No. 13
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00202-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Urban Feral Pigeons (Columba livia) as a Source for Air- and Waterborne Contamination with Enterocytozoon bieneusi Spores{triangledown}

Thaddeus K. Graczyk,1,2* Deirdre Sunderland,1 Ana M. Rule,1 Alexandre J. da Silva,3 Iaci N. S. Moura,3,4 Leena Tamang,1 Autumn S. Girouard,2 Kellogg J. Schwab,1 and Patrick N. Breysse1

Division of Environmental Health Engineering, Department of Environmental Health Sciences,1 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205,2 Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Public Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30341,3 Atlanta Research and Education Foundation and Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 303334

Received 25 January 2007/ Accepted 27 April 2007

This study demonstrated that a person with 30 min of occupational or nonoccupational exposure to urban feral pigeons, such as exposure through the cleaning of surfaces contaminated with pigeon excrement, could inhale approximately 3.5 x 103 Enterocytozoon bieneusi spores and that 1.3 x 103 spores could be inhaled by a nearby person.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205. Phone: (410) 614-4984. Fax: (410) 955-0105. E-mail: tgraczyk{at}jhsph.edu

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 4 May 2007.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2007, p. 4357-4358, Vol. 73, No. 13
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00202-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Graczyk, T. K., Lucy, F. E., Tamang, L., Mashinski, Y., Broaders, M. A., Connolly, M., Cheng, H.-W. A. (2009). Propagation of Human Enteropathogens in Constructed Horizontal Wetlands Used for Tertiary Wastewater Treatment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75: 4531-4538 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bart, A., Wentink-Bonnema, E. M., Heddema, E. R., Buijs, J., van Gool, T. (2008). Frequent Occurrence of Human-Associated Microsporidia in Fecal Droppings of Urban Pigeons in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 7056-7058 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


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