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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2007, p. 5566-5573, Vol. 73, No. 17
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02468-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

"Candidatus Bacilloplasma," a Novel Lineage of Mollicutes Associated with the Hindgut Wall of the Terrestrial Isopod Porcellio scaber (Crustacea: Isopoda) ^,

Rok Kostanjek,^1* Jasna trus,¹ and Gorazd Avgutin²

University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Biological Department, Ljubljana, Slovenia,¹ University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Zootechnical Department, Domale, Slovenia²

Received 23 October 2006/ Accepted 2 July 2007

Pointed, rod-shaped bacteria colonizing the cuticular surface of the hindgut of the terrestrial isopod crustacean Porcellio scaber (Crustacea: Isopoda) were investigated by comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and electron microscopy. The results of phylogenetic analysis, and the absence of a cell wall, affiliated these bacteria with the class Mollicutes, within which they represent a novel and deeply branched lineage, sharing less than 82.6% sequence similarity to known Mollicutes. The lineage has been positioned as a sister group to the clade comprising the Spiroplasma group, the Mycoplasma pneumoniae group, and the Mycoplasma hominis group. The specific signature sequence was identified and used as a probe in in situ hybridization, which confirmed that the retrieved sequences originate from the attached rod-shaped bacteria from the hindgut of P. scaber and made it possible to detect these bacteria in their natural environment. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed a spherically shaped structure at the tapered end of the rod-shaped bacteria, enabling their specific and exclusive attachment to the tip of the cuticular spines on the inner surface of the gut. Specific adaptation to the gut environment, as well as phylogenetic positioning, indicate the long-term association and probable coevolution of the bacteria and the host. Taking into account their pointed, rod-shaped morphology and their phylogenetic position, the name "Candidatus Bacilloplasma" has been proposed for this new lineage of bacteria specifically associated with the gut surface of P. scaber.

Published ahead of print on 13 July 2007.

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