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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2007, p. 380-389, Vol. 73, No. 2
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01785-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Influence of Dangling Ends and Surface-Proximal Tails of Targets on Probe-Target Duplex Formation in 16S rRNA Gene-Based Diagnostic Arrays{triangledown} ,{dagger}

Robert D. Stedtfeld,1,2 Lukas M. Wick,4 Samuel W. Baushke,1,2 Dieter M. Tourlousse,1,2 Amanda B. Herzog,1,2 Yongmei Xia,5 Jean Marie Rouillard,5 Joel A. Klappenbach,2 James R. Cole,2 Erdogan Gulari,5 James M. Tiedje,2,3 and Syed A. Hashsham1,2*

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,1 Center for Microbial Ecology,2 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences,3 National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824,4 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 481095

Received 27 July 2006/ Accepted 4 November 2006

Dangling ends and surface-proximal tails of gene targets influence probe-target duplex formation and affect the signal intensity of probes on diagnostic microarrays. This phenomenon was evaluated using an oligonucleotide microarray containing 18-mer probes corresponding to the 16S rRNA genes of 10 waterborne pathogens and a number of synthetic and PCR-amplified gene targets. Signal intensities for Klenow/random primer-labeled 16S rRNA gene targets were dissimilar from those for 45-mer synthetic targets for nearly 73% of the probes tested. Klenow/random primer-labeled targets resulted in an interaction with a complex mixture of 16S rRNA genes (used as the background) 3.7 times higher than the interaction of 45-mer targets with the same mixture. A 7-base-long dangling end sequence with perfect homology to another single-stranded background DNA sequence was sufficient to produce a cross-hybridization signal that was as strong as the signal obtained by the probe-target duplex itself. Gibbs free energy between the target and a well-defined background was found to be a better indicator of hybridization signal intensity than the sequence or length of the dangling end alone. The dangling end (Gibbs free energy of –7.6 kcal/mol) was found to be significantly more prone to target-background interaction than the surface-proximal tail (Gibbs free energy of –64.5 kcal/mol). This study underlines the need for careful target preparation and evaluation of signal intensities for diagnostic arrays using 16S rRNA and other gene targets due to the potential for target interaction with a complex background.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, A126 Research Complex-Engineering, East Lansing, MI 48824. Phone: (517) 355-8241. Fax: (517) 355-0250. E-mail: Hashsham{at}egr.msu.edu.

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 17 November 2006.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://aem.asm.org/.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2007, p. 380-389, Vol. 73, No. 2
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01785-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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