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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 2007, p. 7759-7762, Vol. 73, No. 23
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01410-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Anaerobic Metabolism of 1-Amino-2-Naphthol-Based Azo Dyes (Sudan Dyes) by Human Intestinal Microflora{triangledown}

Haiyan Xu,1 Thomas M. Heinze,2 Siwei Chen,1 Carl E. Cerniglia,1 and Huizhong Chen1*

Division of Microbiology,1 Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079-95022

Received 25 June 2007/ Accepted 5 October 2007

The rates of metabolism of Sudan I and II and Para Red by human intestinal microflora were high compared to those of Sudan III and IV under anaerobic conditions. Metabolites of the dyes were identified as aniline, 2,4-dimethylaniline, o-toluidine, and 4-nitroaniline through high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analyses. These data indicate that human intestinal bacteria are able to reduce Sudan dyes to form potentially carcinogenic aromatic amines.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079-9502. Phone: (870) 543-7410. Fax: (870) 543-7307. E-mail: huizhong.chen{at}fda.hhs.gov

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 12 October 2007.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 2007, p. 7759-7762, Vol. 73, No. 23
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01410-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Liu, G., Zhou, J., Fu, Q. S., Wang, J. (2009). The Escherichia coli Azoreductase AzoR Is Involved in Resistance to Thiol-Specific Stress Caused by Electrophilic Quinones. J. Bacteriol. 191: 6394-6400 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


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