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Comparative Analyses of Prophage-Like Elements Present in Two Lactococcus lactis Strains ^,

Marco Ventura,^1,2 Aldert Zomer,¹ Carlos Canchaya,¹ Mary O'Connell-Motherway,¹ Oscar Kuipers,³ Francesca Turroni,² Angela Ribbera,² Elena Foroni,² Girbe Buist,^3, Udo Wegmann,⁴ Claire Shearman,⁴ Michael J. Gasson,⁴ Gerald F. Fitzgerald,¹ Jan Kok,³ and Douwe van Sinderen^1*

Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, Bioscience Institute, National University of Ireland, Western Road, Cork, Ireland,¹ Department of Genetics, Anthropology and Evolution, University of Parma, Parma, Italy,² University of Groningen, Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology Institute, Haren, The Netherlands,³ Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom⁴

Received 8 June 2007/ Accepted 1 October 2007

In this study, we describe the genetic organizations of six and five apparent prophage-like elements present in the genomes of the Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris strains MG1363 and SK11, respectively. Phylogenetic investigation as well bioinformatic analyses indicates that all 11 prophages belong to subdivisions of the lactococcal P335 group of temperate bacteriophages.

Published ahead of print on 12 October 2007.

Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://aem.asm.org/.

Present address: Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.