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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 2007, p. 7874-7881, Vol. 73, No. 24
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01239-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Occurrence of Human Adenoviruses at Two Recreational Beaches of the Great Lakes

Irene Xagoraraki,^1* David H.-W. Kuo,¹ Kelvin Wong,¹ Mark Wong,² and Joan B. Rose³

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,¹ Department of Crop and Soil Sciences,² Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan³

Received 4 June 2007/ Accepted 2 October 2007

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) have been related to several waterborne diseases such as acute gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, and respiratory illness, and it has been shown that an important human exposure pathway is through recreational waters. However, HAdV occurrence at recreational freshwater beaches has not been previously investigated. In this study, a total of 58 water samples were collected from two recreational beaches on Lake Michigan (i.e., Silver Beach and Washington Park Beach) during the summer of 2004. Occurrences of HAdVs in these lake samples were determined using two hexon-based real-time PCR assays (one for monitoring all 51 serotypes of HAdVs and another for specifically detecting F species HAdVs, i.e., serotypes 40 and 41) and compared to an integrated cell culture (ICC) PCR method. The real-time PCR results showed that 8 of 30 Silver Beach samples and 6 of 28 Washington Park Beach samples contained HAdVs, and F species HAdVs were detected in three of these positive samples. The concentrations of HAdVs ranged from (1.7 ± 0.7) x 10¹ to (3.4 ± 0.8) x 10² and from (7 ± 2) x 10⁰ to (3.8 ± 0.3) x 10³ virus particles/liter for Silver Beach and Washington Park Beach, respectively. F species HAdVs were detected at levels ranging from (4.8 ± 0.8) x 10¹ to (4.6 ± 1.5) x 10² virus particles/liter. Approximately 60% of the ICC-PCR analyses agreed with the real-time PCR results. This study revealed the occurrence of HAdVs at Lake Michigan recreational beaches. Given the potential health risks, further assessment regarding sources, virus transport, and survival is needed to improve the safety of the region.

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, A136 Engineering Research Complex, East Lansing, MI 48824. Phone: (517) 353-8539. Fax: (517) 355-0250. E-mail: xagorara{at}msu.edu

Published ahead of print on 12 October 2007.

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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 2007, p. 7874-7881, Vol. 73, No. 24
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01239-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

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